RESULT FROM THERMODYNAMIC-EQUILIBRIUM MATHEMATICS (RESULT ONLY) From thermodynamic equilibrium mathematics applied to a pressurized propellant tank, the final results are: The system moves toward a minimum-energy equilibrium state Equilibrium pressure is uniquely fixed by temperature, total mass, and volume Liquid–vapor coexistence causes pressure to be extremely temperature-sensitive A small heat input produces a large rise in equilibrium pressure At equilibrium, vapor pressure dominates tank pressure Cryogenic liquids rapidly shift equilibrium toward vaporization Real-gas effects increase pressure beyond ideal-gas predictions Near design limits, equilibrium becomes metastable There exists a critical equilibrium pressure If equilibrium pressure ≤ structural limit → stable tank If equilibrium pressure > structural limit → no equilibrium possible Loss of equilibrium forces rapid phase change Liquid flashes to vapor to re-establish equilibrium Volume expansion is explosive Explosion i...
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