Thermodynamics equilibrium

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RESULT FROM THERMODYNAMIC-EQUILIBRIUM MATHEMATICS (RESULT ONLY)
From thermodynamic equilibrium mathematics applied to a pressurized propellant tank, the final results are:
The system moves toward a minimum-energy equilibrium state
Equilibrium pressure is uniquely fixed by temperature, total mass, and volume
Liquid–vapor coexistence causes pressure to be extremely temperature-sensitive
A small heat input produces a large rise in equilibrium pressure
At equilibrium, vapor pressure dominates tank pressure
Cryogenic liquids rapidly shift equilibrium toward vaporization
Real-gas effects increase pressure beyond ideal-gas predictions
Near design limits, equilibrium becomes metastable
There exists a critical equilibrium pressure
If equilibrium pressure ≤ structural limit → stable tank
If equilibrium pressure > structural limit → no equilibrium possible
Loss of equilibrium forces rapid phase change
Liquid flashes to vapor to re-establish equilibrium
Volume expansion is explosive
Explosion is the system’s attempt to reach a new equilibrium with surroundings
The event is thermodynamic, not chemical
Structural failure precedes combustion
Safety margin equals the gap between equilibrium pressure and wall strength
Higher efficiency reduces this equilibrium margin
Thermodynamic equilibrium fully predicts the failure condition
Single-Sentence Thermodynamic Result
Thermodynamic equilibrium mathematics shows that a propellant tank fails explosively when the equilibrium pressure required by temperature- and phase-balance exceeds the mechanical pressure limit of the tank.

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