Trappist 1e

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TRAPPIST-1e is a rocky, Earth-sized exoplanet located about 39 light-years from Earth in the TRAPPIST-1 planetary system, which orbits an ultra-cool red dwarf star of spectral type M8V. It was discovered in 2017 using the transit method and is considered one of the most Earth-like planets known. The planet has a radius of about 0.91 times that of Earth and a mass of roughly 0.77 Earth masses, giving it a density close to Earth’s (~5.65 g/cm³). This density strongly indicates a solid rocky surface with an iron core rather than a thick gaseous envelope. Surface gravity is estimated to be around 93% of Earth’s gravity, meaning a human would feel only slightly lighter there.
TRAPPIST-1e orbits extremely close to its host star at a distance of about 0.029 astronomical units and completes one full orbit in approximately 6.1 Earth days. Because of this close orbit, the planet is almost certainly tidally locked, with one hemisphere permanently facing the star and the other in constant night. Despite its proximity to the star, the star itself is very cool and dim, allowing TRAPPIST-1e to lie within the system’s habitable zone. Its equilibrium temperature is estimated at around 251 K (about −22 °C), and climate models suggest that with a sufficient atmosphere, surface temperatures could allow liquid water to exist.
Although the planet’s atmosphere has not yet been directly detected, theoretical models suggest that TRAPPIST-1e could retain a substantial atmosphere composed of gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. A moderate greenhouse effect could warm the surface, preventing global freezing. The planet’s Earth-like density implies an iron core, which raises the possibility of a magnetic field that could help protect the atmosphere from stellar winds and radiation. Geological activity such as volcanism and possibly plate tectonics may exist due to internal heat and tidal interactions within the tightly packed TRAPPIST-1 system.
The host star is known for frequent stellar flares and enhanced ultraviolet and X-ray radiation, which could pose challenges for atmospheric stability and surface life. However, red dwarf stars have extraordinarily long lifespans, potentially allowing billions to trillions of years for life to develop if conditions are stable. Overall, TRAPPIST-1e stands out as one of the best candidates for habitability beyond our solar system, with physical properties, size, density, and potential climate remarkably similar to Earth, making it a prime target for ongoing and future observations, especially with the James Webb Space Telescope.

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