Petroleum

 

Pti ♥️

government
Voting machine
1.signature
2.Ballet
3.Scanning card
4.Result
Drake passage
Energy generation
The electrons in silicon h@ve no freedom of movement
Energy:
When light strikes solar electrons are free to move through Sillicon
When you injected boron
Through doping the n side becomes positively charged and p become negativly charged silicon are doped and produces more heat
Solar produce Infrared radiations is produced at night by solar
Infrared radiation is produced @t night
Thermoheat energy is produced at night (little)Infrared radiations
Waves
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bVi1w0m8x8
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Pak government structure
__________________________________________
1.Legislative :two branches - writing & passing laws
Equality & proportional(balanced)
Senate-consult tax laws
Consults mistakes of president
    2.Executive
PM ki working team (policies, constitutional laws, improve trade)
    3.judicial
Judges
Tells constition
Congress 435 elective officials
I. Consult tax laws
II. Consult mistakes of president
Senate(6 years)(1/3 population of senator)
Write laws
Both houses have power of:
Tax
Money
War
Commerce(write bills)
Congress is opposition (if PM couldn't Congress could do so)

Army
Privatize all the profit-making companies run by the military and make their budget 100% under the control of the government
Make senior officer promotions subject to ratification by the government
Make the military much less important by signing a peace treaty and free trade agreement with India

Tax deduction : common and red,, uces tax rate by only 10% eg house payment (tax reduction (reduce tax 10%) (ghr)
Tax credit: uncommon, decreases tax by 25% example: scholarship, insurance
Eg(education=tax reduction ) taleem
Tax deduction
https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=122135465768227786&set=a.122101936124227786
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAVXrvuZoww
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2do94hC_SBZe1bIxY1dNiNSAFkEOZ4Y2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bVi1w0m8x8
Tax deduction : common and reduces tax rate by only 10% eg house payment (tax reduction (reduce tax 10%) (ghr)
Tax credit: uncommon, decreases tax by 25% example: scholarship, insurance
Eg(education=tax reduction ) taleem
Tax deduction

Pollutants
Cl, SOx, NOx, O, plastic->chlorine
O3 + O → 2 O
SOx->limestone Scubbing
4NO + 4NH3 + O2 → 4N2 + 6H2O.
2NO2 + 4NH3 + O2 → 3N2 + 6H2O.
NO + NO2 + 2NH3 → 2N2 + 3H2O.
4NO + 2CO(NH2)2 + O2 → 4N2 + 4H2O + 2CO22
NO3
CFC11+F
SO2+CO2+H2O
Fe2Sx+O2->Fe2O3+Sx
CaSO4->CaO+SO2
H2FCF3H2->CH2F+HF
CF4->CF3+F
HFC->CF3+CF3
Global warming:fuel cell plant trees
6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2.
Use of less green house gases
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2. 
Ager aik special Shahr rak Dia Jay petrol bnanay ka or us k pani me lime stone daldia jay to PNNaKOSs pollutants se bacha ja skta ha
Kepco ri23 gas absorb harmful gas
MHCORI 23

Solid absorbed CO2is traveled through pipe
CO2 levels the temperature and and pressure
Water pollution
Cl, SOx, NOx, O, plastic->chlorine
Chlorine is a powerful chemical that has been in use for many years to treat water for home consumption. Chlorine is an effective water purification method that kills germs, parasites and other disease-causing organisms found in ground or tap water.
ultrasound treatment [11], activated sludge process [20], coagulation and flocculation, membrane filtration, adsorption [21], advanced oxidation process [22], and Fenton process [23].
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_LfcaKhASA
Noise pollution:less f sound
Trees
Soundproofing systems
Petroleum
Coal gasification
C+H2OCO+H2
Hydrocarbons are combined to form heavier molecules resembling gasoline
CH3CH+CH2+CH3CH2CH<catalyst =>CH2+CHCH2CHCH3CH3
Thermal polimerization>500-600C and pressure 70-350kg/cm2
Catalytic polimerization
Fluidized Catalytic cracking
Km C or km P phosphoric acid ki mojoodgi me =gasoline obtained
Stergius process
CO+H2 is passed through chambers
FE2CO3+ Na2CO3=>catalyst chamber
nCo+2H2>C2H2+HEAT
nCO+(2n+1)H2n+2+H2O+Heat
Low grade coal >hydrogenating them in presence of catalyst Ni/Sn
Fuel cell
Amager bakke. Process
Submisserable rection
Thermodynamics
Visbreaking , Delayed Coker & propane deasphalting Unit | By GATE AIR 1
Alkylation
Steam stripper
Steam stripping is a process used in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants to remove volatile contaminants, such as hydrocarbons and other volatile organic compounds, from wastewater. It typically consists of passing a stream of superheated steam through the wastewater.
Steam stripping is a process used in
Petroleum Wastewater:
petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants to remove volatile contaminants, such as hydrocarbons and other volatile organic compounds, from wastewater. It typically consists of passing a stream of superheated steam through the wastewater.
Fisher tropsch
Merichem->rig-caustic wash
Fluidized Catalytic cracking
CH4+H2O<=>CO+3H2
Ch4+1/2O2<=>CO+2H2
Distillation colum
Coal gasification
sesimic reaction
C+H2OCO+H2
Hydrocarbons are combined to form heavier molecules resembling gasoline
CH3CH+CH2+CH3CH2CH<catalyst =>CH2+CHCH2CHCH3CH3
Thermal polimerization>500-600C and pressure 70-350kg/Petroleum manufacture 100 processes
CH4+H2O<=>CO+3H2
Ch4+1/2O2<=>CO+2H2
Coal gasification
C+H2OCO+H2
Hydrocarbons are combined to form heavier molecules resembling gasoline
CH3CH+CH2+CH3CH2CH<catalyst =>CH2+CHCH2CHCH3CH3
Thermal polimerization>500-600C and pressure 70-350kg/cm2
Catalytic polimerization
Km C or km P phosphoric acid ki mojoodgi me =gasoline obtained
Stergius process
CO+H2 is passed through chambers
FE2CO3+ Na2CO3=>catalyst chamber
nCo+2H2>C2H2+HEAT
nCO+(2n+1)H2n+2+H2O+Heat
Low grade coal >hydrogenating them in presence of catalyst Ni/Sn
Fuel cell
Amager bakke. Process
Submisserable rection
Fisher trosch
CH4+H2O<=>CO+3H2
Ch4+1/2O2<=>CO+2H2
Coal gasification
sesimic reaction
C+H2OCO+H2
Hydrocarbons are combined to form heavier molecules resembling gasoline
CH3CH+CH2+CH3CH2CH<catalyst =>CH2+CHCH2CHCH3CH3
Thermal polimerization>500-600C and pressure 70-350kg/cm2
Catalytic polimerization
Km C or km P phosphoric acid ki mojoodgi me =gasoline obtained
Stergius process
Carbon
CO+H2 is passed through chambers
FE2CO3+ Na2CO3=>catalyst chamber
nCo+2H2>C2H2+HEAT
nCO+(2n+1)H2n+2+H2O+Heat
Low grade coal >hydrogenating them in presence of catalyst Ni/Sn
Fuel cell
Sand + carbon=>raw sillicon
Amager bakke. Process
Chemical Chemical Engineering Hub
Waste
Forests
Fuel cell
Waste
oil well
Thermal cracking
porosity, permeability, capillary pressure, wettability, oil formation volume factor, phase diagram, five reservoir fluids, etc
Porosity=1-bulk density /particle density
Offshore drilling
Fluid Computational Fluid Dynamics Lovers CFD.
Plankton
dinosaurs
biomass conversion
Biomass Conversion
Synthetic Fuels
Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Carbon Capture and Utilization
Microbial Conversion
Solar Fuel Production
Global warming :fuel cell
Algal Biofuels
Steam Injection:
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)
Horizontal Drilling
Nanotechnology
Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
Subsea Processing
Thermal Methods
The alkanes, also known as paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chains which contain only carbon and hydrogen and have the general formula CnH2n+2.
Alkylation
Catalytic cracking
Coking
Fracking
Hydrotreating
Isomerisation
Nuclear
Wastewater
Catalytic polimerization
Km C or km P phosphoric acid ki mojoodgi me =gasoline obtained
Stergius process
Carbon
CO+H2 is passed through chambers
FE2CO3+ Na2CO3=>catalyst chamber
nCo+2H2>C2H2+HEAT
nCO+(2n+1)H2n+2+H2O+Heat
Low grade coal >hydrogenating them in presence of catalyst Ni/Sn
Fuel cell
Sand + carbon=>raw sillicon
Amager bakke. Process
Chemical Chemical Engineering Hub
Waste
Hydrogenation
Forests
Fuel cell
Waste
oil well
porosity, permeability, capillary pressure, wettability, oil formation volume factor, phase diagram, five reservoir fluids, etc
Porosity=1-bulk density /particle density
Offshore drilling
Fluid Computational Fluid Dynamics Lovers CFD.
Plankton
dinosaurs
biomass conversion
Biomass Conversion
Synthetic Fuels
Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Carbon Capture and Utilization
Microbial Conversion
Solar Fuel Production
Algal Biofuels
Steam Injection:
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)
Horizontal Drilling
Nanotechnology
Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
Subsea Processing
Thermal Methods
Digital Oilfield Technologies
Alkylation
Catalytic cracking
Coking
Hydrotreating
Isomerisation
Nuclear
Wastewater
Mines
Analytical functions
Computational Fluid Dynamics Lovers CFD
Blue & green H2 changes climate effect

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Amorphous
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Catalysts: Natural crude oil formation often involves the presence of catalysts, which accelerate the chemical reactions involved. In a lab, you might use specific catalysts to speed up the process.
Distillation: Once you have a mixture of hydrocarbons, you would need to separate them into different fractions through distillation. This process takes advantage of the different boiling points of various hydrocarbons.
Refining: The fractions obtained from distillation can be further refined to obtain specific products like gasoline, diesel, or lubricants. This involves additional processes such as cracking, reforming, and treating.
Quality Control: Finally, you would need to analyze the properties of the synthetic crude oil to ensure it meets the desired specifications.
It's important to note that while these steps outline the general process, creating crude oil artificially is extremely complex and currently not economically feasible compared to extracting it from natural reservoirs. Additionally, synthetic crude oil produced in this way would likely be significantly more expensive than natural crude oil. Therefore, the focus in energy research and development is more on alternative and sustainable sources rather than artificial replication of fossil fuels.
Steam cracking: This process involves breaking down hydrocarbons at high temperatures to produce ethylene and propylene, essential building blocks for various chemical products.

Hydrocracking: Hydrocarbons are reacted with hydrogen under high pressure to produce lighter, more valuable products such as gasoline and diesel.

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC): In this process, heavy oil fractions are converted into lighter products like gasoline and diesel using a catalyst to speed up the reaction.

Alkylation: This process combines smaller hydrocarbons to produce high-octane components for gasoline.

Isomerization: Rearranging the molecular structure of hydrocarbons to improve their properties, such as octane rating or stability.
Drilling: This is the process of creating a hole or wellbore in the earth's surface to access the underground reservoir where petroleum is located. Drilling rigs are used to penetrate the layers of rock and reach the oil-bearing formations.
Well Completion: After drilling, the well needs to be completed to allow for the extraction of petroleum. This involves installing casing, which is a series of metal pipes inserted into the well to prevent it from collapsing and to provide a pathway for the oil to flow to the surface.
Primary Recovery: In the primary recovery stage, the natural pressure within the reservoir pushes the petroleum to the surface. This may involve the use of pumps to help lift the oil if the natural pressure is insufficient.
Secondary Recovery: As the natural pressure in the reservoir declines, secondary recovery methods are employed to extract more petroleum. This often involves injecting water, steam, or gas into the reservoir to push the remaining oil towards the production well.
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): In some cases, tertiary recovery methods, also known as enhanced oil recovery (EOR), are used to extract even more petroleum from the reservoir. EOR techniques include injecting chemicals, surfactants, polymers, or microbes into the reservoir to improve oil flow.
Production Facilities: Petroleum extracted from wells is typically a mixture of oil, natural gas, and water. Mechanical separation processes are used at production facilities to separate these components and prepare the crude oil for transportation and refining.
Transportation: Once extracted, crude oil needs to be transported from the production site to refineries or storage facilities. Mechanical means such as pipelines, tanker trucks, and ships are used for transportation.
Energy Generation:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgzsL8klq6DIOpwb57vb_ha_IUyNKRUyS
environmental الهندسة النفطية"Oil & gas Engineering"
Rig
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/removal-of-nitrogen-oxides
control valve
Lime STOne SCUBBING
CaO+H2O->Ca+H2
JP54, D6, MAZUT, D2, LNP, REBCO, petcoke.

SYNTHETIC FUEL
https://www.google.com/search?q=how+to+make+synthetic+petrol&sca_esv=e2da69de12d3bb4c&sca_upv=1&udm=2&biw=1536&bih=703&sxsrf=ADLYWIIoArQOUmoljemylD-51lFsqgH_pQ%3A1715584472856&ei=2L1BZq_5M8X1i-gPv9yL8Aw&oq=HOW+TO+MAKE+SYNTHETIC+P&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiF0hPVyBUTyBNQUtFIFNZTlRIRVRJQyBQKgIIADIHEAAYgAQYGDIHEAAYgAQYGDIHEAAYgAQYGDIHEAAYgAQYGDIHEAAYgAQYGDIHEAAYgAQYGDIHEAAYgAQYGDIHEAAYgAQYGEiimAJQjhhY9PQBcAV4AJABAJgBgQOgAaQyqgEIMC4xLjE2Lje4AQPIAQD4AQGYAh2gAsA0wgIEECMYJ8ICBRAAGIAEwgIKEAAYgAQYQxiKBcICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg0QABiABBixAxhDGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgQQABgDmAMAiAYBkgcINS4wLjE3LjegB6WsAQ&sclient=gws-wiz-serp
Feedstock Selection: The first step is selecting the feedstock, which can be coal, natural gas, or biomass. Each feedstock has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of availability, cost, and environmental impact.

Gasification or Reforming: Coal and biomass are typically gasified to produce synthesis gas (syngas), while natural gas is reformed to produce syngas. Syngas is a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2).

Cleaning and Purification: The syngas produced in the previous step contains impurities such as sulfur compounds and particulate matter. These impurities need to be removed to prevent poisoning of catalysts in the next step.

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: The cleaned syngas is then subjected to the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. In this step, the syngas is catalytically converted into liquid hydrocarbons (synthetic fuels) such as diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel. The Fischer-Tropsch process involves a series of chemical reactions that polymerize the carbon monoxide and hydrogen molecules to form long-chain hydrocarbons.

Hydrocracking and Upgrading: The hydrocarbons produced in the Fischer-Tropsch process may need to undergo further refining to improve their quality and properties. This may involve hydrocracking, which breaks down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones, and other upgrading processes.

Product Separation and Refining: The synthetic fuel produced is then separated from other by-products and impurities through distillation and refining processes to obtain the desired fuel products.

Natural calamities>
Floods:drainage>Some of the common techniques used for flood control are Sesimic plates and river dikes and drainage>Duke lakes
Earthquake>Sesimic plates or evaluating of Greenhouse temperature by reducing of CO2
Neutralizing an acid
Ca(OH) 2+CO2 +H2O-> Ca(OH) 2 + H2CO3

Post-treatment: Depending on the specific requirements and regulations, the synthetic fuel may undergo additional treatments such as desulfurization or blending with additives to improve its performance and environmental characteristics.
Fuel cell
Oxygen from the air is reacted with hydrogen (Stored in the device) to form water. This is a redox process in which electrons are transferred, the trick of a fuel cell is to use the electrons generated during the reaction to perform work->heat
(H+ and OH-)
Avoiding Ozone-Depleting Products
Check your fire extinguishers to find active ingredients. ...
Don't buy aerosol products with chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). ...
Dispose of pre-1995 refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioning units properly. ...
Buy lumber, wood products and plywood that were not treated with methyl bromide
CFCs are harmful at earth but in stratosphere
They produced Cl2 at earth
Ozone layer protect us from UV-b and UV-c
On ground CFCs are harmful. In air it creates ClO. It make skin cancer at earth-
https://youtu.be/CaLOiGEDPJQ?si=bC0Ud1zmXjB9yUFJ
Protection from storms :
Storm
How storm comes & protection
Moisture (comes from ocean)
Unstable air(
Lift
Cold dry air
Unstable air
Warm moist air
Upward wind happens in storm
Strong downwards wind
Downward winds
Garmi or hawa
Autocatalytic reaction
2MnO4-  +5C2O4. + 16H+ = 2Mn+2 + 10CO2  +8H2O(auto Catalytic reaction)
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Infrastructure, marsh industries and dammer is solution for storms
drake passage:hot water left side + cold water right side
drake shake>china
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Water vapors got evaporated by temperature
And low in temperature cools them forming storm
Steam cracking unit
C6H15-->CH4+C2H4+C2H2+2H2
Voting machine
imam jaffar: We do treatment of summer illnesses with cool medicines and treatment of cold illnesses with hot medicines
Badgair would cool global warming