New government

 Pti ♥️

government

Voting machine

1.signature

2.Ballet

3.Scanning card

4.Result

Drake passage

Energy generation

The electrons in silicon h@ve no freedom of movement

Energy:

When light strikes solar electrons are free to move through Sillicon

When you injected boron

Through doping the n side becomes positively charged and p become negativly charged silicon are doped and produces more heat

Solar produce Infrared radiations is produced at night by solar

Infrared radiation is produced @t night

Thermoheat energy is produced at night (little)Infrared radiations

Waves

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bVi1w0m8x8

__-_-----------_-----

Pak government structure

______________

1.Legislative :two branches - writing & passing laws

Equality & proportional(balanced) 

Senate-consult tax laws

Consults mistakes of president 

    2.Executive 

PM ki working team (policies, constitutional laws, improve trade) 

    3.judicial

Judges

Tells constition

Congress 435 elective officials

I. Consult tax laws

II. Consult mistakes of president

Senate(6 years)(1/3 population of senator) 

Write laws

Both houses have power of:

Tax

Money

War

Commerce(write bills) 

Congress is opposition (if PM couldn't Congress could do so)

Army

Privatize all the profit-making companies run by the military and make their budget 100% under the control of the government

Make senior officer promotions subject to ratification by the government

Make the military much less important by signing a peace treaty and free trade agreement with India

Tax deduction : common and reduces tax rate by only 10% eg house payment (tax reduction (reduce tax 10%) (ghr)

Tax credit: uncommon, decreases tax by 25% example: scholarship, insurance

Eg(education=tax reduction ) taleem

Tax deduction

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=122135465768227786&set=a.122101936124227786

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAVXrvuZoww

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2do94hC_SBZe1bIxY1dNiNSAFkEOZ4Y2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bVi1w0m8x8

Tax deduction : common and reduces tax rate by only 10% eg house payment (tax reduction (reduce tax 10%) (ghr)

Tax credit: uncommon, decreases tax by 25% example: scholarship, insurance

Eg(education=tax reduction ) taleem

Tax deduction

Pollutants

Cl, SOx, NOx, O, plastic->chlorine 

O3 + O → 2 O

SOx->limestone Scubbing

4NO + 4NH3 + O2 → 4N2 + 6H2O.

2NO2 + 4NH3 + O2 → 3N2 + 6H2O.

NO + NO2 + 2NH3 → 2N2 + 3H2O.

4NO + 2CO(NH2)2 + O2 → 4N2 + 4H2O + 2CO22

NO3

CFC11+F

SO2+CO2+H2O

Fe2Sx+O2->Fe2O3+Sx

CaSO4->CaO+SO2

H2FCF3H2->CH2F+HF

CF4->CF3+F

HFC->CF3+CF3

Global warming:fuel cell plant trees

6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2.

Use of less green house gases

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.  

Ager aik special Shahr rak Dia Jay petrol bnanay ka or us k pani me lime stone daldia jay to PNNaKOSs pollutants se bacha ja skta ha

Kepco ri23 gas absorb harmful gas

MHCORI 23

Solid absorbed CO2is traveled through pipe

CO2 levels the temperature and and pressure

Water pollution 

Cl, SOx, NOx, O, plastic->chlorine 

Chlorine is a powerful chemical that has been in use for many years to treat water for home consumption. Chlorine is an effective water purification method that kills germs, parasites and other disease-causing organisms found in ground or tap water.

ultrasound treatment [11], activated sludge process [20], coagulation and flocculation, membrane filtration, adsorption [21], advanced oxidation process [22], and Fenton process [23].

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_LfcaKhASA

Noise pollution:less f sound

Trees

Soundproofing systems 

Petroleum 

Coal gasification

C+H2OCO+H2

Hydrocarbons are combined to form heavier molecules resembling gasoline

CH3CH+CH2+CH3CH2CH<catalyst =>CH2+CHCH2CHCH3CH3

Thermal polimerization>500-600C and pressure 70-350kg/cm2

Catalytic polimerization

Fluidized Catalytic cracking

Km C or km P phosphoric acid ki mojoodgi me =gasoline obtained

Stergius process

CO+H2 is passed through chambers

FE2CO3+ Na2CO3=>catalyst chamber

nCo+2H2>C2H2+HEAT

nCO+(2n+1)H2n+2+H2O+Heat

Low grade coal >hydrogenating them in presence of catalyst Ni/Sn

Fuel cell

Amager bakke. Process

Submisserable rection

Thermodynamics 

Visbreaking , Delayed Coker & propane deasphalting Unit | By GATE AIR 1

Alkylation

Steam stripper

Steam stripping is a process used in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants to remove volatile contaminants, such as hydrocarbons and other volatile organic compounds, from wastewater. It typically consists of passing a stream of superheated steam through the wastewater.

Steam stripping is a process used in

Petroleum Wastewater:

petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants to remove volatile contaminants, such as hydrocarbons and other volatile organic compounds, from wastewater. It typically consists of passing a stream of superheated steam through the wastewater.

Fisher tropsch

Merichem->rig-caustic wash

Fluidized Catalytic cracking

CH4+H2O<=>CO+3H2

Ch4+1/2O2<=>CO+2H2

Distillation colum

Coal gasification

sesimic reaction

C+H2OCO+H2

Hydrocarbons are combined to form heavier molecules resembling gasoline

CH3CH+CH2+CH3CH2CH<catalyst =>CH2+CHCH2CHCH3CH3

Thermal polimerization>500-600C and pressure 70-350kg/Petroleum manufacture 100 processes

CH4+H2O<=>CO+3H2

Ch4+1/2O2<=>CO+2H2

Coal gasification

C+H2OCO+H2

Hydrocarbons are combined to form heavier molecules resembling gasoline

CH3CH+CH2+CH3CH2CH<catalyst =>CH2+CHCH2CHCH3CH3

Thermal polimerization>500-600C and pressure 70-350kg/cm2

Catalytic polimerization

Km C or km P phosphoric acid ki mojoodgi me =gasoline obtained

Stergius process

CO+H2 is passed through chambers

FE2CO3+ Na2CO3=>catalyst chamber

nCo+2H2>C2H2+HEAT

nCO+(2n+1)H2n+2+H2O+Heat

Low grade coal >hydrogenating them in presence of catalyst Ni/Sn

Fuel cell

Amager bakke. Process

Submisserable rection

Fisher trosch

CH4+H2O<=>CO+3H2

Ch4+1/2O2<=>CO+2H2

Coal gasification

sesimic reaction

C+H2OCO+H2

Hydrocarbons are combined to form heavier molecules resembling gasoline

CH3CH+CH2+CH3CH2CH<catalyst =>CH2+CHCH2CHCH3CH3

Thermal polimerization>500-600C and pressure 70-350kg/cm2

Catalytic polimerization

Km C or km P phosphoric acid ki mojoodgi me =gasoline obtained

Stergius process

Carbon

CO+H2 is passed through chambers

FE2CO3+ Na2CO3=>catalyst chamber

nCo+2H2>C2H2+HEAT

nCO+(2n+1)H2n+2+H2O+Heat

Low grade coal >hydrogenating them in presence of catalyst Ni/Sn

Fuel cell

Sand + carbon=>raw sillicon

Amager bakke. Process

Chemical Chemical Engineering Hub

Waste

Forests

Fuel cell

Waste

oil well

Thermal cracking 

porosity, permeability, capillary pressure, wettability, oil formation volume factor, phase diagram, five reservoir fluids, etc

Porosity=1-bulk density /particle density

Offshore drilling

Fluid Computational Fluid Dynamics Lovers CFD.

Plankton

dinosaurs

biomass conversion

Biomass Conversion

Synthetic Fuels

Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Carbon Capture and Utilization

Microbial Conversion

Solar Fuel Production

Global warming :fuel cell 

Algal Biofuels

Steam Injection:

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)

Horizontal Drilling

Nanotechnology

Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery

Subsea Processing

Thermal Methods

The alkanes, also known as paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chains which contain only carbon and hydrogen and have the general formula CnH2n+2.

Alkylation

Catalytic cracking

Coking

Fracking 

Hydrotreating

Isomerisation

Nuclear 

Wastewater

Catalytic polimerization

Km C or km P phosphoric acid ki mojoodgi me =gasoline obtained

Stergius process

Carbon

CO+H2 is passed through chambers

FE2CO3+ Na2CO3=>catalyst chamber

nCo+2H2>C2H2+HEAT

nCO+(2n+1)H2n+2+H2O+Heat

Low grade coal >hydrogenating them in presence of catalyst Ni/Sn

Fuel cell

Sand + carbon=>raw sillicon

Amager bakke. Process

Chemical Chemical Engineering Hub

Waste

Hydrogenation 

Forests

Fuel cell

Waste

oil well

porosity, permeability, capillary pressure, wettability, oil formation volume factor, phase diagram, five reservoir fluids, etc

Porosity=1-bulk density /particle density

Offshore drilling

Fluid Computational Fluid Dynamics Lovers CFD.

Plankton

dinosaurs

biomass conversion

Biomass Conversion

Synthetic Fuels

Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Carbon Capture and Utilization

Microbial Conversion

Solar Fuel Production

Algal Biofuels

Steam Injection:

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)

Horizontal Drilling

Nanotechnology

Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery

Subsea Processing

Thermal Methods

Digital Oilfield Technologies

Alkylation

Catalytic cracking

Coking

Hydrotreating

Isomerisation

Nuclear 

Wastewater

Mines

Analytical functions

Computational Fluid Dynamics Lovers CFD 

Blue & green H2 changes climate effect

https://www.youtube.com/playlist...

https://www.youtube.com/playlist...

https://www.google.com/search?q=artificial%20petroleum%20production&udm=2&uds=AMwkrPs7I2hXjqs29S2u-P2GT8CxOteHwNLdUlahOpkUoMZa41YUqFPqfcomvbMxb8hhpPY-EHgE&tbs=rimg:CVR2C1edAK3ZYSE0s8CZK_1jrsgIAwAIA2AIA4AIA&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPK1073PK1073&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4QuIIBahcKEwiYur36ksGFAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQBg&biw=1920&bih=953&dpr=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQUZQ3Bhsuwl_0cQhYPbwYzDaeVSRMyvH

Amorphous

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YOUTUBE.COM

Petroleum Production Engineering Lectures

https://m.youtube.com/playlist?list=RDCMUCyGNHrMe9t9c3rjYmMdbkTw&playnext=1&si=HJORSUyoPzfxBisY&fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR12Ln7N_qOAMWfpv_APKrSn-_on4W-gl5litKIyBzanrTsW5dyiY6LN4Zk_aem_AffEBWcmvzz1WqPKIUHEFCjOqFCcC9AKrDzoIrlacO9gdNzFwMVDqaZuvIIAfVS9T_kcijB4I8MpsB2Qr4U4oI9U

 Tax

Invest in tax-saving schemes:

The government of Pakistan offers various tax-saving schemes such as National Savings Schemes (NSS), Mutual Funds, and Pension Funds that provide tax benefits to individuals. Investing in these schemes can help reduce your taxable income, thus reducing your tax liability

Hydrostatic force

Tax

Tax deduction : common and reduces tax rate by only 10% eg house payment (tax reduction (reduce tax 10%) (ghr)

Tax credit: uncommon, decreases tax by 25% example: scholarship, insurance

Eg(education=tax reduction ) taleem

Tax deduction

Stability is goal

Family planning

Women empowerment

Education

Family planning 

Child tax

Tax

Tax deduction : common and reduces tax rate by only 10% eg house payment (tax reduction (reduce tax 10%) (ghr)

Tax credit: uncommon, decreases tax by 25% example: scholarship, insurance

Eg(education=tax reduction ) taleem

Tax deduction

 

INCREASE FUNDING FOR EDUCATION

Nation enlightment

a. Seek the truth, tell the truth and nothing but the truth.

b. Not only to follow but to set best example of living a life legally and ethically.

c. Follow the laws of the land, and support justice for all things animate or inanimate. (without distinction of humans, animals, environment).

d. Share in the cost of running an organized society (pay your share of taxes)

e. Exercise your right and duty to vote.

f. Keep your promises and fulfill your obligation.

Army

 Privatize all the profit-making companies run by the military and make their budget 100% under the control of the government

(companies run by army and make it private) 

Make senior officer promotions subject to ratification by the government

Make the military much less important by signing a peace treaty and free trade agreement with India

Muaihda

Hydrogenation

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2do94hC_SBZe1bIxY1dNiNSAFkEOZ4Y2&jct=ToDjQgyq7SCA1VpM-rQzrQ4pZcebqw

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2do94hC_SBa0rwOyrBK9chv6yT9YlpbQ

https://m.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZ6AiehBi0hwt_HBHhhRsn5CWAGKhiv_X&si=lVPcjvzK5eZ8xPdx&fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR25jfuSEjFoBCdEm1GW6eq5vbUxuG0ETDojsf7YGyWvVseRv_TwiocyqYY_aem_ARA7ctphmAx3BYL5SfzeT0heMdFgZHAVtUhhJ_hAbrMY6AyWNZXVBLimN9o99bOTpdgdV2HwTRXp1mqH0n3pZs13

Aliphatic 》straight chain

Aromatic 》ring

Heterocyclic 》ring containing elements other than Carbon

Polymers 》plastic

Biomolecule 》in living organisms

Fullerenes 》carbon derivatives

Poverty >education 

Water scarcity>chemical stability, thermal stability, hydrothermal stability, and mechanical stability) and are very sensitive to water.

Gender equality>Studies show the different experiences of genders across many domains including education, life expectancy, personality, interests, family life, careers, and political affiliation.

<Problems>

Gender inequality is experienced differently across different cultures.

Sustainable development>energy 

Reducing war>De-escalate the concept of enemy. ...

Treat the other side with respect. ...

Recognize that there is the perception of injustice on both sides. ...

Be prepared to forgive and ask for forgiveness. ...

Refrain from belligerence.

Human migration>education & employment 

Education>teacher salaries 

Human rights>constitution

Ocean acidification>pH

Democracy>government 

Environmental disaster>Coastal vegetation and natural features such as sand dunes and mangroves 

Food>agriculture 

Nuclear holocaust>. 

Overconsumption>islam

Soil degradation>land pollution 

Technological distribution>. 

Unemployment>industrial employment equally 

Languages to cities to society to culture to new religions

Starting Material: You would need a source of organic material, typically biomass such as algae, plant matter, or even waste organic material.

Anaerobic Conditions: Crude oil is formed in an oxygen-free environment deep beneath the Earth's surface. You would need to recreate these conditions in a lab setting. This usually involves subjecting the organic material to high pressure and temperature in the absence of oxygen.

Burial and Compression: Over millions of years, layers of sediment accumulate on top of organic material, exerting pressure on it. In a lab, you would need to simulate this compression process, which can involve mechanical pressure or the use of hydraulic presses.

Heat and Time: As the organic material is buried deeper, it experiences increasing temperatures due to the Earth's internal heat. This heat causes chemical reactions that transform the organic material into hydrocarbons. In a lab, you would need to subject the material to high temperatures over an extended period.

Catalysts: Natural crude oil formation often involves the presence of catalysts, which accelerate the chemical reactions involved. In a lab, you might use specific catalysts to speed up the process.

Distillation: Once you have a mixture of hydrocarbons, you would need to separate them into different fractions through distillation. This process takes advantage of the different boiling points of various hydrocarbons.

Refining: The fractions obtained from distillation can be further refined to obtain specific products like gasoline, diesel, or lubricants. This involves additional processes such as cracking, reforming, and treating.

Quality Control: Finally, you would need to analyze the properties of the synthetic crude oil to ensure it meets the desired specifications.

It's important to note that while these steps outline the general process, creating crude oil artificially is extremely complex and currently not economically feasible compared to extracting it from natural reservoirs. Additionally, synthetic crude oil produced in this way would likely be significantly more expensive than natural crude oil. Therefore, the focus in energy research and development is more on alternative and sustainable sources rather than artificial replication of fossil fuels.

Steam cracking: This process involves breaking down hydrocarbons at high temperatures to produce ethylene and propylene, essential building blocks for various chemical products.

Hydrocracking: Hydrocarbons are reacted with hydrogen under high pressure to produce lighter, more valuable products such as gasoline and diesel.

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC): In this process, heavy oil fractions are converted into lighter products like gasoline and diesel using a catalyst to speed up the reaction.

Alkylation: This process combines smaller hydrocarbons to produce high-octane components for gasoline.

Isomerization: Rearranging the molecular structure of hydrocarbons to improve their properties, such as octane rating or stability.

Drilling: This is the process of creating a hole or wellbore in the earth's surface to access the underground reservoir where petroleum is located. Drilling rigs are used to penetrate the layers of rock and reach the oil-bearing formations.

Well Completion: After drilling, the well needs to be completed to allow for the extraction of petroleum. This involves installing casing, which is a series of metal pipes inserted into the well to prevent it from collapsing and to provide a pathway for the oil to flow to the surface.

Primary Recovery: In the primary recovery stage, the natural pressure within the reservoir pushes the petroleum to the surface. This may involve the use of pumps to help lift the oil if the natural pressure is insufficient.

Secondary Recovery: As the natural pressure in the reservoir declines, secondary recovery methods are employed to extract more petroleum. This often involves injecting water, steam, or gas into the reservoir to push the remaining oil towards the production well.

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): In some cases, tertiary recovery methods, also known as enhanced oil recovery (EOR), are used to extract even more petroleum from the reservoir. EOR techniques include injecting chemicals, surfactants, polymers, or microbes into the reservoir to improve oil flow.

Production Facilities: Petroleum extracted from wells is typically a mixture of oil, natural gas, and water. Mechanical separation processes are used at production facilities to separate these components and prepare the crude oil for transportation and refining.

Transportation: Once extracted, crude oil needs to be transported from the production site to refineries or storage facilities. Mechanical means such as pipelines, tanker trucks, and ships are used for transportation.

Energy Generation:

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgzsL8klq6DIOpwb57vb_ha_IUyNKRUyS

environmental الهندسة النفطية"Oil & gas Engineering"

Rig

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/removal-of-nitrogen-oxides

control valve

Lime STOne SCUBBING 

CaO+H2O->Ca+H2

JP54, D6, MAZUT, D2, LNP, REBCO, petcoke.

SYNTHETIC FUEL

https://www.google.com/search?q=how+to+make+synthetic+petrol&sca_esv=e2da69de12d3bb4c&sca_upv=1&udm=2&biw=1536&bih=703&sxsrf=ADLYWIIoArQOUmoljemylD-51lFsqgH_pQ%3A1715584472856&ei=2L1BZq_5M8X1i-gPv9yL8Aw&oq=HOW+TO+MAKE+SYNTHETIC+P&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiF0hPVyBUTyBNQUtFIFNZTlRIRVRJQyBQKgIIADIHEAAYgAQYGDIHEAAYgAQYGDIHEAAYgAQYGDIHEAAYgAQYGDIHEAAYgAQYGDIHEAAYgAQYGDIHEAAYgAQYGDIHEAAYgAQYGEiimAJQjhhY9PQBcAV4AJABAJgBgQOgAaQyqgEIMC4xLjE2Lje4AQPIAQD4AQGYAh2gAsA0wgIEECMYJ8ICBRAAGIAEwgIKEAAYgAQYQxiKBcICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg0QABiABBixAxhDGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgQQABgDmAMAiAYBkgcINS4wLjE3LjegB6WsAQ&sclient=gws-wiz-serp

Feedstock Selection: The first step is selecting the feedstock, which can be coal, natural gas, or biomass. Each feedstock has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of availability, cost, and environmental impact.

Gasification or Reforming: Coal and biomass are typically gasified to produce synthesis gas (syngas), while natural gas is reformed to produce syngas. Syngas is a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2).

Cleaning and Purification: The syngas produced in the previous step contains impurities such as sulfur compounds and particulate matter. These impurities need to be removed to prevent poisoning of catalysts in the next step.

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: The cleaned syngas is then subjected to the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. In this step, the syngas is catalytically converted into liquid hydrocarbons (synthetic fuels) such as diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel. The Fischer-Tropsch process involves a series of chemical reactions that polymerize the carbon monoxide and hydrogen molecules to form long-chain hydrocarbons.

Hydrocracking and Upgrading: The hydrocarbons produced in the Fischer-Tropsch process may need to undergo further refining to improve their quality and properties. This may involve hydrocracking, which breaks down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones, and other upgrading processes.

Product Separation and Refining: The synthetic fuel produced is then separated from other by-products and impurities through distillation and refining processes to obtain the desired fuel products.

Natural calamities>

Floods:drainage>Some of the common techniques used for flood control are Sesimic plates and river dikes and drainage>Duke lakes

Earthquake>Sesimic plates or evaluating of Greenhouse temperature by reducing of CO2

Neutralizing an acid

Ca(OH) 2+CO2 +H2O-> Ca(OH) 2 + H2CO3

Post-treatment: Depending on the specific requirements and regulations, the synthetic fuel may undergo additional treatments such as desulfurization or blending with additives to improve its performance and environmental characteristics.

Fuel cell

Oxygen from the air is reacted with hydrogen (Stored in the device) to form water. This is a redox process in which electrons are transferred, the trick of a fuel cell is to use the electrons generated during the reaction to perform work->heat

(H+ and OH-)

Avoiding Ozone-Depleting Products

Check your fire extinguishers to find active ingredients. ...

Don't buy aerosol products with chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). ...

Dispose of pre-1995 refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioning units properly. ...

Buy lumber, wood products and plywood that were not treated with methyl bromide

CFCs are harmful at earth but in stratosphere

They produced Cl2 at earth

Ozone layer protect us from UV-b and UV-c

On ground CFCs are harmful. In air it creates ClO. It make skin cancer at earth-

https://youtu.be/CaLOiGEDPJQ?si=bC0Ud1zmXjB9yUFJ

Protection from storms :

Storm

How storm comes & protection

Moisture (comes from ocean) 

Unstable air(

Lift

Cold dry air 

Unstable air

Warm moist air 

Upward wind happens in storm

Strong downwards wind

Downward winds

Garmi or hawa

Autocatalytic reaction

2MnO4-  +5C2O4. + 16H+ = 2Mn+2 + 10CO2  +8H2O(auto Catalytic reaction)

-------------------------------------------

Infrastructure, marsh industries and dammer is solution for storms

drake passage:hot water left side + cold water right side

drake shake>china

-------------------------------------------

Water vapors got evaporated by temperature

And low in temperature cools them forming storm

Steam cracking unit

C6H15-->CH4+C2H4+C2H2+2H2

Voting machine

imam jaffar: We do treatment of summer illnesses with cool medicines and treatment of cold illnesses with hot medicines

Badgair would cool global warming

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