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Coal gasification

C+H2OCO+H2

Hydrocarbons are combined to form heavier molecules resembling gasoline

CH3CH+CH2+CH3CH2CH<catalyst =>CH2+CHCH2CHCH3CH3

Thermal polimerization>500-600C and pressure 70-350kg/cm2

Catalytic polimerization

Fluidized Catalytic cracking

Km C or km P phosphoric acid ki mojoodgi me =gasoline obtained

Stergius process

CO+H2 is passed through chambers

FE2CO3+ Na2CO3=>catalyst chamber

nCo+2H2>C2H2+HEAT

nCO+(2n+1)H2n+2+H2O+Heat

Low grade coal >hydrogenating them in presence of catalyst Ni/Sn

Fuel cell

Amager bakke. Process

Submisserable rection

Visbreaking , Delayed Coker & propane deasphalting Unit | By GATE AIR 1

Alkylation

Steam stripper

Steam stripping is a process used in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants to remove volatile contaminants, such as hydrocarbons and other volatile organic compounds, from wastewater. It typically consists of passing a stream of superheated steam through the wastewater.

Steam stripping is a process used in

Petroleum Wastewater:

petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants to remove volatile contaminants, such as hydrocarbons and other volatile organic compounds, from wastewater. It typically consists of passing a stream of superheated steam through the wastewater.

Fisher tropsch

Merichem->rig-caustic wash

Fluidized Catalytic cracking

CH4+H2O<=>CO+3H2

Ch4+1/2O2<=>CO+2H2

Distillation colum

Coal gasification

sesimic reaction

C+H2OCO+H2

Hydrocarbons are combined to form heavier molecules resembling gasoline

CH3CH+CH2+CH3CH2CH<catalyst =>CH2+CHCH2CHCH3CH3

Thermal polimerization>500-600C and pressure 70-350kg/Petroleum manufacture 100 processes

CH4+H2O<=>CO+3H2

Ch4+1/2O2<=>CO+2H2

Coal gasification

C+H2OCO+H2

Hydrocarbons are combined to form heavier molecules resembling gasoline

CH3CH+CH2+CH3CH2CH<catalyst =>CH2+CHCH2CHCH3CH3

Thermal polimerization>500-600C and pressure 70-350kg/cm2

Catalytic polimerization

Km C or km P phosphoric acid ki mojoodgi me =gasoline obtained

Stergius process

CO+H2 is passed through chambers

FE2CO3+ Na2CO3=>catalyst chamber

nCo+2H2>C2H2+HEAT

nCO+(2n+1)H2n+2+H2O+Heat

Low grade coal >hydrogenating them in presence of catalyst Ni/Sn

Fuel cell

Amager bakke. Process

Submisserable rection

Fisher trosch

CH4+H2O<=>CO+3H2

Ch4+1/2O2<=>CO+2H2

Coal gasification

sesimic reaction

C+H2OCO+H2

Hydrocarbons are combined to form heavier molecules resembling gasoline

CH3CH+CH2+CH3CH2CH<catalyst =>CH2+CHCH2CHCH3CH3

Thermal polimerization>500-600C and pressure 70-350kg/cm2

Catalytic polimerization

Km C or km P phosphoric acid ki mojoodgi me =gasoline obtained

Stergius process

Carbon

CO+H2 is passed through chambers

FE2CO3+ Na2CO3=>catalyst chamber

nCo+2H2>C2H2+HEAT

nCO+(2n+1)H2n+2+H2O+Heat

Low grade coal >hydrogenating them in presence of catalyst Ni/Sn

Fuel cell

Sand + carbon=>raw sillicon

Amager bakke. Process

Chemical Chemical Engineering Hub

Waste

Forests

Fuel cell

Waste

oil well

Thermal cracking

porosity, permeability, capillary pressure, wettability, oil formation volume factor, phase diagram, five reservoir fluids, etc

Porosity=1-bulk density /particle density

Offshore drilling

Fluid Computational Fluid Dynamics Lovers CFD.

Plankton

dinosaurs

biomass conversion

Biomass Conversion

Synthetic Fuels

Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Carbon Capture and Utilization

Microbial Conversion

Solar Fuel Production

Global warming :fuel cell

Algal Biofuels

Steam Injection:

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)

Horizontal Drilling

Nanotechnology

Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery

Subsea Processing

Thermal Methods

The alkanes, also known as paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chains which contain only carbon and hydrogen and have the general formula CnH2n+2.

Alkylation

Catalytic cracking

Coking

Fracking

Hydrotreating

Isomerisation

Nuclear

Wastewater

Catalytic polimerization

Km C or km P phosphoric acid ki mojoodgi me =gasoline obtained

Stergius process

Carbon

CO+H2 is passed through chambers

FE2CO3+ Na2CO3=>catalyst chamber

nCo+2H2>C2H2+HEAT

nCO+(2n+1)H2n+2+H2O+Heat

Low grade coal >hydrogenating them in presence of catalyst Ni/Sn

Fuel cell

Sand + carbon=>raw sillicon

Amager bakke. Process

Chemical Chemical Engineering Hub

Waste

Hydrogenation

Forests

Fuel cell

Waste

oil well

porosity, permeability, capillary pressure, wettability, oil formation volume factor, phase diagram, five reservoir fluids, etc

Porosity=1-bulk density /particle density

Offshore drilling

Fluid Computational Fluid Dynamics Lovers CFD.

Plankton

dinosaurs

biomass conversion

Biomass Conversion

Synthetic Fuels

Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Carbon Capture and Utilization

Microbial Conversion

Solar Fuel Production

Algal Biofuels

Steam Injection:

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)

Horizontal Drilling

Nanotechnology

Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery

Subsea Processing

Thermal Methods

Digital Oilfield Technologies

Alkylation

Catalytic cracking

Coking

Hydrotreating

Isomerisation

Nuclear

Wastewater

Mines

Analytical functions

Heat and Time: As the organic material is buried deeper, it experiences increasing temperatures due to the Earth's internal heat. This heat causes chemical reactions that transform the organic material into hydrocarbons. In a lab, you would need to subject the material to high temperatures over an extended period.

Catalysts: Natural crude oil formation often involves the presence of catalysts, which accelerate the chemical reactions involved. In a lab, you might use specific catalysts to speed up the process.

Distillation: Once you have a mixture of hydrocarbons, you would need to separate them into different fractions through distillation. This process takes advantage of the different boiling points of various hydrocarbons.

Refining: The fractions obtained from distillation can be further refined to obtain specific products like gasoline, diesel, or lubricants. This involves additional processes such as cracking, reforming, and treating.

Quality Control: Finally, you would need to analyze the properties of the synthetic crude oil to ensure it meets the desired specifications.

It's important to note that while these steps outline the general process, creating crude oil artificially is extremely complex and currently not economically feasible compared to extracting it from natural reservoirs. Additionally, synthetic crude oil produced in this way would likely be significantly more expensive than natural crude oil. Therefore, the focus in energy research and development is more on alternative and sustainable sources rather than artificial replication of fossil fuels.

Steam cracking: This process involves breaking down hydrocarbons at high temperatures to produce ethylene and propylene, essential building blocks for various chemical products.

Hydrocracking: Hydrocarbons are reacted with hydrogen under high pressure to produce lighter, more valuable products such as gasoline and diesel.

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC): In this process, heavy oil fractions are converted into lighter products like gasoline and diesel using a catalyst to speed up the reaction.

Alkylation: This process combines smaller hydrocarbons to produce high-octane components for gasoline.

Isomerization: Rearranging the molecular structure of hydrocarbons to improve their properties, such as octane rating or stability.

Drilling: This is the process of creating a hole or wellbore in the earth's surface to access the underground reservoir where petroleum is located. Drilling rigs are used to penetrate the layers of rock and reach the oil-bearing formations.

Well Completion: After drilling, the well needs to be completed to allow for the extraction of petroleum. This involves installing casing, which is a series of metal pipes inserted into the well to prevent it from collapsing and to provide a pathway for the oil to flow to the surface.

Primary Recovery: In the primary recovery stage, the natural pressure within the reservoir pushes the petroleum to the surface. This may involve the use of pumps to help lift the oil if the natural pressure is insufficient.

Secondary Recovery: As the natural pressure in the reservoir declines, secondary recovery methods are employed to extract more petroleum. This often involves injecting water, steam, or gas into the reservoir to push the remaining oil towards the production well.

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): In some cases, tertiary recovery methods, also known as enhanced oil recovery (EOR), are used to extract even more petroleum from the reservoir. EOR techniques include injecting chemicals, surfactants, polymers, or microbes into the reservoir to improve oil flow.

Production Facilities: Petroleum extracted from wells is typically a mixture of oil, natural gas, and water. Mechanical separation processes are used at production facilities to separate these components and prepare the crude oil for transportation and refining.

Transportation: Once extracted, crude oil needs to be transported from the production site to refineries or storage facilities. Mechanical means such as pipelines, tanker trucks, and ships are

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Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: The cleaned syngas is then subjected to the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. In this step, the syngas is catalytically converted into liquid hydrocarbons (synthetic fuels) such as diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel. The Fischer-Tropsch process involves a series of chemical reactions that polymerize the carbon monoxide and hydrogen molecules to form long-chain hydrocarbons.

Hydrocracking and Upgrading: The hydrocarbons produced in the Fischer-Tropsch process may need to undergo further refining to improve their quality and properties. This may involve hydrocracking, which breaks down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones, and other upgrading processes.

Product Separation and Refining: The synthetic fuel produced is then separated from other by-products and impurities through distillation and refining processes to obtain the desired fuel products.

Natural calamities>

Floods:drainage>Some of the common techniques used for flood control are Sesimic plates and river dikes and drainage>Duke lakes

Earthquake>Sesimic plates or evaluating of Greenhouse temperature by reducing of CO2

Neutralizing an acid

Ca(OH) 2+CO2 +H2O-> Ca(OH) 2 + H2CO3

Post-treatment: Depending on the specific requirements and regulations, the synthetic fuel may undergo additional treatments such as desulfurization or blending with additives to improve its performance and environmental characteristics.

Fuel cell

Oxygen from the air is reacted with hydrogen (Stored in the device) to form water. This is a redox process in which electrons are transferred, the trick of a fuel cell is to use the electrons generated during the reaction to perform work->heat

(H+ and OH-)

Autocatalytic reaction

2MnO4- +5C2O4. + 16H+ = 2Mn+2 + 10CO2 +8H2O(auto Catalytic reaction)

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Feedstock Selection: The first step is selecting the feedstock, which can be coal, natural gas, or biomass. Each feedstock has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of availability, cost, and environmental impact.

Gasification or Reforming: Coal and biomass are typically gasified to produce synthesis gas (syngas), while natural gas is reformed to produce syngas. Syngas is a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2).

Cleaning and Purification: The syngas produced in the previous step contains impurities such as sulfur compounds and particulate matter. These impurities need to be removed to prevent poisoning of catalysts in the next step.

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: The cleaned syngas is then subjected to the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. In this step, the syngas is catalytically converted into liquid hydrocarbons (synthetic fuels) such as diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel. The Fischer-Tropsch process involves a series of chemical reactions that polymerize the carbon monoxide and hydrogen molecules to form long-chain hydrocarbons.

Hydrocracking and Upgrading: The hydrocarbons produced in the Fischer-Tropsch process may need to undergo further refining to improve their quality and properties. This may involve hydrocracking, which breaks down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones, and other upgrading processes.

Product Separation and Refining: The synthetic fuel produced is then separated from other by-products and impurities through distillation and refining processes to obtain the desired fuel products.

Autocatalytic reaction

2MnO4- +5C2O4. + 16H+ = 2Mn+2 + 10CO2 +8H2O(auto Catalytic reaction)

Water vapors got evaporated by temperature

And low in temperature cools them forming storm

Steam cracking unit

C6H15-->CH4+C2H4+C2H2+2H2

Thermophile bacteria are the bacteria which only activated on ignition. This makes environment to produce heat (fire) without fuel

Autocatalytic reaction