Artificial bio

> A bio-artificial kidney = artificial organ + living cells that automatically keeps the entire body stable (homeostasis).

Yes — a buffer blood can be made biologically, but with limits.
Here is the brief, clear explanation:

✅ Can we make “buffer blood” biologically?

Yes, but only in the form of buffered biological fluids, not a totally new type of blood.
Biology already uses natural buffering systems to keep pH stable:

1. Natural blood already has buffers

Blood has:

Bicarbonate buffer system

Phosphate buffers

Protein buffers (albumin, hemoglobin)
These keep the pH at 7.35–7.45.

This is already a “buffered liquid” created by biology.

✅ Can we engineer a stronger biological buffer?

Yes, scientists can make:

1. Artificial blood substitutes

Perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers

Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers
These include chemical buffers to stabilize pH.

2. Engineered cells

Cells can be modified to:

Release bicarbonate

Absorb acids

Stabilize pH in a tight range

3. Lab-made plasma

Artificial plasma solutions can include:

Bicarbonate

Phosphate

HEPES (biological buffer)

This behaves like “buffer blood.”

❌ What we CANNOT do

You cannot make a new type of blood that:

Ignores biology

Works outside human pH range

Replaces all blood cells with buffer chemicals

Blood must still carry:

Oxygen

Nutrients

Immune cells

Hormones

A pure “buffer liquid” cannot replace that.

🧪 Short answer

Yes, biology already makes buffered blood, and scientists can engineer even more stable “buffered blood-like fluids,” but you cannot replace real blood with only a buffer.

If you want, I can explain: ✅ How to design a biological buffer system
✅ How blood buffering works step-by-step
✅ Artificial blood formulas

Just tell me.

Ulcers pylori bacteria are present

Continuing from 162 onward, extending the full-body organs / organ-level biological structures list:

🧠 Nervous System (Extended)

Cerebral cortex

White matter

Gray matter

Corpus callosum

Reticular formation

Limbic system

Broca’s area

Wernicke’s area

Motor cortex

Sensory cortex

Insula

Ventricular system

Choroid plexus

Cranial nerves (I–XII)

Sympathetic chain

Parasympathetic ganglia

Enteric nervous system

❤️ Cardiovascular (Detailed)

Sinoatrial node

Atrioventricular node

Bundle of His

Purkinje fibers

Endocardium

Myocardium

Pericardium

Mitral valve

Tricuspid valve

Aortic valve

Pulmonary valve

Carotid arteries

Jugular veins

Portal vein

Hepatic artery

🫁 Respiratory (Detailed)

Epiglottis

Vocal cords

Pleura

Intercostal muscles

Respiratory center (medulla)

Type I pneumocytes

Type II pneumocytes

Surfactant system

🍽️ Digestive (Micro & Functional)

Oral mucosa

Enamel

Dentin

Pulp cavity

Gastric mucosa

Parietal cells

Chief cells

Intestinal villi

Microvilli

Enterocytes

Goblet cells

Hepatic sinusoids

Kupffer cells

Bile ducts

Pancreatic ducts

🩸 Renal & Fluid Control

Renal pelvis

Collecting ducts

Loop of Henle

Macula densa

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Renal arteries

Renal veins

🦠 Immune (Advanced)

White blood cells

Red blood cells

Platelets

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

Natural killer cells

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

Antibody system

Complement system

🧪 Endocrine (Detailed)

Thyroid follicles

Calcitonin-secreting cells

Parathyroid chief cells

Cortisol-secreting cells

Aldosterone-secreting cells

Adrenal chromaffin cells

Insulin-secreting beta cells

Glucagon-secreting alpha cells

🦴 Musculoskeletal (Extended)

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

Osteocytes

Bone marrow cavity

Growth plates

Myofibrils

Sarcomeres

Actin filaments

Myosin filaments

Neuromuscular junction

Fascia

👁️ Sensory (Micro-level)

Rod cells

Cone cells

Fovea

Optic chiasm

Auditory ossicles

Vestibular nerve

Taste receptors

Mechanoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Nociceptors

🧬 Integumentary (Detailed)

Keratinocytes

Melanocytes

Langerhans cells

Merkel cells

Arrector pili muscle

Sweat ducts

🧠 Reproductive (Cellular)

Sertoli cells

Leydig cells

Spermatogonia

Oocytes

Corpus luteum

Placenta

Amniotic sac

⚖️ Whole-Body Regulation Systems

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis

Renin-angiotensin system

Circadian rhythm system

Thermoregulation system

Glucose homeostasis system

Electrolyte balance system

Acid-base regulation system

🧫 Cellular Power & Control

ATP synthesis system

Electron transport chain

Ion channels

Sodium-potassium pump

Calcium signaling system

Apoptosis machinery

DNA repair system

Protein synthesis system

🧠 Integrated Life-Support Networks

Neuro-endocrine-immune axis

Gut-brain axis

Cardio-renal axis

Liver-metabolic axis

Oxygen transport system

Nutrient absorption system

Waste clearance system

Hormonal feedback loops

Cellular homeostasis network

Whole-body biological equilibrium system

If you want, I can:

➕ Continue from 301 to 500

🤖 Map artificial/bio-engineered equivalents to each

🧠 Identify one “master organ/system” for total homeostasis

Just say continue or tell the direction.

Perfect! Let’s create a detailed list of 100 components of the human nervous system with their artificial equivalents, including CNS, PNS, and functional units. I’ll number them for clarity.

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Artificial Nervous System (1–100)

Central Nervous System (Brain & Spinal Cord)

1. Cerebrum → Neuromorphic cortical chip

2. Frontal lobe → Executive function AI module

3. Parietal lobe → Sensory processing chip

4. Occipital lobe → Artificial visual cortex

5. Temporal lobe → Audio & memory processing module

6. Cerebellum → Robotic balance control system

7. Brainstem → Artificial vital-sign control module

8. Midbrain → Motor coordination processor

9. Pons → Sensory-motor relay circuit

10. Medulla oblongata → Respiratory & cardiac control circuit

11. Hypothalamus → AI homeostasis regulator

12. Thalamus → Signal relay neuromorphic circuit

13. Basal ganglia → Movement initiation module

14. Hippocampus → Memory prosthetic chip

15. Amygdala → Emotion-simulation AI

16. Pituitary gland → Hormone delivery implant

17. Pineal gland → Circadian rhythm pacemaker

18. Corpus callosum → Inter-hemisphere signal bus

19. Ventricular system → Microfluidic CSF circulation system

20. Choroid plexus → Artificial CSF production module

21. Reticular formation → Attention & alertness processor

22. Broca’s area → Speech production AI

23. Wernicke’s area → Language comprehension AI

24. Insula → Interoception-sensing module

25. Spinal cord → Neural prosthetic bridge

26. Dorsal roots → Sensory input electrodes

27. Ventral roots → Motor output electrodes

28. Reflex arc → Microcontroller reflex circuits

29. Interneurons → Neuromorphic relay chips

30. Gray matter → Processing nodes in artificial cortex

31. White matter → Signal transmission fibers/wires

32. Cortical columns → Modular processing units

33. Limbic system → Emotional regulation AI network

34. Optic nerve → Visual signal electrode interface

35. Olfactory bulb → Chemical sensor module

36. Vagus nerve → Parasympathetic control electrode

37. Sympathetic chain → Sympathetic control microcontroller

38. Parasympathetic ganglia → Parasympathetic AI unit

39. Enteric nervous system → Gut-brain interface chip

40. Cranial nerve I (Olfactory) → Chemical detection electrode

41. Cranial nerve II (Optic) → Visual signal implant

42. Cranial nerve III (Oculomotor) → Eye-motor actuator

43. Cranial nerve IV (Trochlear) → Eye movement controller

44. Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal) → Facial sensation electrode

45. Cranial nerve VI (Abducens) → Lateral eye motor actuator

46. Cranial nerve VII (Facial) → Facial expression actuator

47. Cranial nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear) → Balance & hearing interface

48. Cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal) → Taste & throat sensor

49. Cranial nerve X (Vagus) → Parasympathetic control interface

50. Cranial nerve XI (Accessory) → Neck/shoulder motor actuator

51. Cranial nerve XII (Hypoglossal) → Tongue motor actuator

52. Pinealocytes → Artificial light-sensing circadian cells

53. Cerebral ventricles → Microfluidic circuits for CSF flow

54. Substantia nigra → Motor control AI unit

55. Red nucleus → Motor coordination microchip

56. Locus coeruleus → Alertness neuromodulator

57. Raphe nuclei → Serotonin-mimic AI module

58. Medullary pyramids → Signal transmission fiber bundles

59. Spinothalamic tract → Pain/temperature sensor pathway

60. Corticospinal tract → Motor command transmission wire

61. Dorsal column → Touch/vibration sensor wire

62. Spinocerebellar tract → Balance feedback wire

63. Central canal → Microfluidic CSF channel

64. Periaqueductal gray → Pain-modulation AI circuit

65. Thalamic relay nuclei → Sensory routing nodes

66. Hypothalamic nuclei → Hormonal feedback sensors

67. Amygdaloid complex → Emotional-response AI module

68. Septal nuclei → Reward-processing artificial node

69. Mammillary bodies → Memory relay microchip

70. Fornix → Memory signal transmission wire

71. Cingulate gyrus → Decision-making AI processor

72. Claustrum → Consciousness-integration node

73. Olfactory tract → Chemical sensor data bus

74. Optic chiasm → Visual signal crossing microchip

75. Optic radiations → Visual pathway signal wire

76. Lingual gyrus → Visual recognition AI module

77. Fusiform gyrus → Face recognition neural chip

78. Superior colliculus → Eye-movement control microchip

79. Inferior colliculus → Auditory reflex processing module

80. Thalamic reticular nucleus → Sensory filter AI

81. Anterior commissure → Inter-hemisphere signal fiber

82. Posterior commissure → Inter-hemisphere coordination fiber

83. Cerebral peduncles → Motor output fiber bundles

84. Internal capsule → Deep white-matter signal bus

85. External capsule → Lateral signal transmission path

86. Extreme capsule → Long-range cortical communication wire

87. Corona radiata → Fan of signal wires from cortex

88. Arcuate fasciculus → Language signal microchip pathway

89. Subthalamic nucleus → Movement regulation AI node

90. Globus pallidus → Motor inhibition artificial module

91. Caudate nucleus → Motor learning AI circuit

92. Putamen → Habit learning microchip module

93. Nucleus accumbens → Reward-motivation interface

94. Ventral tegmental area → Dopamine-simulating AI module

95. Periventricular nucleus → Hormone control interface

96. Suprachiasmatic nucleus → Circadian pacemaker chip

97. Dorsal raphe → Serotonin-mimic signal module

98. Lateral geniculate nucleus → Visual relay chip

99. Medial geniculate nucleus → Auditory relay chip

100. Spinoreticular tract → Pain-arousal signal fiber

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✅ Notes:

This covers all major CNS/PNS structures up to 100 components

Artificial equivalents include neuromorphic chips, electrode arrays, biohybrid scaffolds, and microfluidic modules

Some components (like emotional AI modules) are research-stage, while others (BCI, cochlear implants) are clinically available

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If you want, I can make the next 100 (101–200) covering neural functional units, synapses, neurons, glial cells, and microstructures with their artificial versions.

Do you want me to continue?